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Mahfouz was the seventh and the youngest child, with four brothers and two sisters, all of them much older than him.

The first part of his compound given name was chosen in appreciation of the well-known obstetrician, Naguib Pasha Mahfouz, who oversaw his difficult birth. Mahfouz was born in a lower middle-class Muslim Egyptian family in Old Cairo in 1911. While Mahfouz's literature is classified as realist literature, existential themes appear in it. Many of Mahfouz's works have been made into Egyptian and foreign films no Arab writer exceeds Mahfouz in number of works that have been adapted for cinema and television. His most famous works include The Cairo Trilogy and Children of Gebelawi. All of his novels take place in Egypt, and always mentions the lane, which equals the world. He published 35 novels, over 350 short stories, 26 screenplays, hundreds of op-ed columns for Egyptian newspapers, and seven plays over a 70-year career, from the 1930s until 2004. He is the only Egyptian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Mahfouz is regarded as one of the first contemporary writers in the Arabic literature, along with Taha Hussein, to explore themes of existentialism.

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